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A. a.(1)(a) i) a)SÓØØ !(ÿÿ$˜˜Ìà0 àà à(ÿÿ$™™à0 àà0 àà à((ÿÿ$ššà0 àà0 àà0 àà à  ÿÿA_ekqw‡DocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)joÿÿ4Tech InitInitialize Technical StyleÓS€ $  1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 þSÓØØ ÿÿCuy±ÉåTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1x?çt2PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paperÓÈÓÑ °ÑÑè°ÑÖ€&ÿÿÖ ˜Ý ƒ'Ò(ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€ÿXôôÔÓÈÓÒX°ÒÒ°°ÒÓÿÿÀ°œXÓß?€.('ü°ø*–dEü°ø*?ßß?€.('°ø*–dE°ø*?ßÌÌàBB Àà1ˆÌÌàBB Àà2ˆÌÌàBB Àà3ˆÌÌàBB Àà4ˆÌÌàBB Àà5ˆÌÌàBB Àà6ˆÌÌàBB Àà7ˆÌÌàBB Àà8ˆÌÌàBB Àà9ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà10ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà11ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà12ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà13ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà14ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà15ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà16ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà17ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà18ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà19ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà20ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà21ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà22ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà23ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà24ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà25ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà26ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà27ˆÌÌàÄÄ Àà28Ô  à.À+Ô(G3e$¨¨Ý ƒ-4!ÝÔ€3ôkTõõôÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝV/ÿÿ$1Technical Document Styleà..àò òÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€.€€Ìó ó  ÿÿCƒ‰•›£«±Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|Kã«,xÐðA`UniversôôixÐðP£7ûôP(+4$¡¡Ô€3ôkTõõôÔÓ  Ó dSimcon ÚEÛÜ ÝÞ¿ßÀàáâã-(@8P!Ò$¨¨˜HP LaserJet 4M,ü,,,,,ü0,ÄâK AZ‹"Arial Regular>c$"Small Circleð"ðà0 àxÈhH  Z6Times New Roman Regular ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ-4!ÝÔ€3ôë8õõôÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý›Ñ8€=_ôõdÊdÈ8ÑÑ = ÑÑ  ÑÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌòòòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€ICONS€SCENARIO€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óó€óóÐ  V  ÐÌÌÌà0  àà ` àSpring€2000€„€University€ProgramÐ (#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€International€SystemÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà ` àMarch€27€„€April€28,€2000Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àProject€ICONSÐ (#(# Ðà0  àà ` àUniversity€of€MarylandÐ (#(# Ðà0  àà ` àCollege€Park,€MD€20742Ð (#(# Ðà0  àà ` à(301)€405„4172Ð (#(# Ðà  àà ` àicons@¢gvpt.umd.edu£ÌÌà  àà ` àò ò¢http£://¢www.icons.umd.edu£ó óÐ b² ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà0  àà0` (#(#àÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà0  àà0` (#(#àCopyright€2000,€ICONS€Project,€University€of€MarylandÐ #Z+ª&2` (#` (#= #Ðòòò òòòÌÌà  àà ` àICONS€SCENARIO€„€Spring€2000€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ó óóóÐ È ÐóóÌà  àà ` àò òINTRODUCTIONó óÐ  f Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àThis€simulation€exercise€can€be€thought€of€as€a€set€of€interlocking€¢subgames£.€€EachÏ¢subgame£€focuses€on€a€particular€issue€that€is€outlined€in€this€scenario.€€The€exercise€isÏintended€to€focus€on€a€few€primary€issues€in€the€world€and€how€these€issues€are€related;Ïit€is€not€intended€to€cover€all€international€issues€that€exist€today.€€The€main€¢subgames£Ïare:Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àò òððà ¸ àInternational€Tradeó óà À àà  àà0p` (#` (#àò òðð€€à È àWorld€Healthó ó€Ðjº p(#p(# ÐØØÌà0  àà0` (#(#àò òððà ¸ àInternational€Debtó óà À àà0` (#` (#àà p àò òððà È àInternational€Securityó óÐôD (#(# Ðà  à€€€à ` à€€€ò òà ¸ àand€Developmentó óà À àà  àà p àÐ ¼  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àò òà p àððà0 È àInternational€CrimeÐ„Ô È(#È(# Ðó óà0  àà0` (#(#àò òððó ó€€à ¸ àò òGlobal€Environmentó óà À àà  àà p àà È àò òÐLœ` (#` (# Ðó óà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌà0  àà0` (#(#àò òðð€€à ¸ àHuman€Rightsó óà h àà À àÐÖ&` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àAlthough€these€are€presented€as€distinct,€remember€that€the€issues€are€related€in€waysÏboth€obvious€and€more€obscure.€€For€example,€it€is€readily€apparent€that€the€issue€ofÏarms€sales€is€significant€to€discussions€of€both€international€security€and€internationalÏcrime,€and€that€child€labor€is€both€a€human€rights€and€a€trade€issue.€€It€may€be€less€clearÏthat€discussions€of€development€must€take€environmental,€health,€and€human€rightsÏconsiderations€into€account.€€(To€begin€your€research€on€these€issues,€you€may€want€toÏvisit€the€ICONS€Research€Library€at€¢http£://¢www.icons.umd.edu£/¢reslib£/.)Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€simulation€participants€will€be€Argentina,€Brazil,€Canada,€China,€France,€Germany,ÏIndia,€Ireland,€Israel,€Japan,€Mexico,€Netherlands,€ñáñPakistan,€ñáñPanama,€Poland,€Russia,ÏSlovakia,€Turkey,€UK,€USA,€and€Venezuelañâñ.ñâñÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àTo€facilitate€interaction,€several€multilateral€conferences€have€been€established.€€TheseÏconferences€will€be€held€at€times€to€be€announced€by€Simulation€Control€(¢Simcon£)€a€fewÏweeks€before€the€simulation€starts.€€All€countries€will€attend€several€conferences,€butÏmight€not€attend€every€conference.€€However,€all€countries€are€expected€to€participate€inÏthe€regular€mail€negotiations€on€every€issue.€€In€addition,€countries€should€feel€free€toÏinitiate€relevant€bilateral€or€multilateral€discussions.€€Bear€in€mind,€however,€that€not€allÏcountries€have€the€same€negotiation€priorities.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIt€is€common€for€teams€to€begin€the€simulation€in€a€passive€mode€with€plans€to€respondÏafter€other€country„teams€take€the€lead.€€This€creates€an€unrealistic€foreign€policyÏatmosphere€and€ensures€a€slow€start€to€the€exercise.€€Students€are€urged€to€send€initialÏpolicy€statements€on€every€issue€the€first€day€of€the€simulation.€€Each€team€shouldÏcontinue€to€send€messages€on€each€issue€daily.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àWhile€the€scenario€sets€the€stage€for€the€negotiation,€the€actual€path€that€theÏnegotiations€will€follow€depends€solely€on€the€initiatives€of€the€participating€country„¼teams.€€€Based€upon€their€foreign€policy€goals,€countries€are€encouraged€to€developÏproposals€to€deal€with€specific€problems€that€affect€them.€€Ideally,€the€negotiationsÐ Z,ª'1 Ðshould€be€conducted€over€these€proposals,€not€countriesðð€general€reactions€to€theÏsimulation€issues.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€key€to€a€successful€simulation€is€found€in€the€research€that€a€country€team€does€onÏa€continuing€basis€throughout€the€program.€€You€will€need€a€thorough€understanding€ofÏpolicy€and€issues€in€order€to€strike€a€balance€between€creativity€and€realism€in€theÏnegotiations.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€setting€for€this€simulation€is€summer€2000.€€The€simulation€is€set€in€the€future€toÏencourage€you€to€be€creative€in€developing€your€own€policies€and€proposals€instead€ofÏduplicating€real„life€events€and€decisions€as€they€happen.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌò òà  àà ` àPRE„ESTABLISHED€CONFERENCES€ó óÐ È   Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àThere€will€be€two,€one„hour€conferences€scheduled€for€each€of€the€issue€areas€to€beÏnegotiated€in€this€simulation.€€All€simulation€participants€are€invited€to€all€conferences.€ÏThese€conferences€will€be€chaired€by€¢Simcon£.€€A€conference€schedule€and€questions€forÏnegotiation€prepared€by€¢Simcon£€will€be€distributed€prior€to€the€beginning€of€theÏsimulation.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àA€conference€agenda€will€be€distributed€several€days€before€each€of€the€scheduledÏconferences.€€¢Simcon£€will€draft€the€agenda€to€take€into€account€the€course€of€theÏnegotiations€to€date.€€Please€remember€that€conferences€are€not€necessarily€the€end€ofÏthe€negotiations;€most€often,€they€are€just€another€step€in€the€process.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIn€addition,€participants€will,€with€the€approval€of€¢Simcon£,€have€the€opportunity€toÏschedule€meetings€with€other€simulation€members€to€discuss€issues€of€mutual€interest.€ÏTo€request€such€a€meeting,€the€country€should€send€a€message€to€¢Simcon£€stating€theÏtime,€participants,€and€issues€for€discussion.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÌòòò òSIMULATION€ISSUESÐ r Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóó ó€Ð šê Ðòòà  àà ` àò òóóINTERNATIONAL€TRADEó óÐ Â  Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àIn€comparison€with€its€predecessor,€the€General€Agreement€on€Tariffs€and€TradeÏ(GATT),€the€World€Trade€Organization€(¢WTO£)€has€much€more€power€in€resolvingÏdisputes€over,€for€example,€tariffs,€subsidies,€dumping,€agricultural€products,€andÏintellectual€property€rights.€€Still€many€world€trade€issues€remain€unresolved,€andÏnegotiations€will€continue€among€the€nations€of€the€world€to€determine€whether€globalÏtrading€relationships€can€be€improved.€€Many€of€these€unresolved€issues€involveÏdisputes€concerning€various€economic€sectors,€such€as€agriculture€or€services,€but€thereÏare€several€contentious€issues€at€the€very€core€of€the€concept€of€free€trade.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àOne€trend€with€uncertain€consequences€for€global€trade€is€that€toward€regional€tradeÏblocs.€€The€European€Union€(EU)€is€seen€by€some€outsiders€as€an€economic€fortressÏthat€will€discourage€trade€with€non„member€nations.€€The€U.S.,€Canada,€and€MexicoÏhave€entered€a€free€trade€agreement€called€the€North€American€Free€Trade€AgreementÏ(¢NAFTA£).€€The€U.S.€has€also€proposed€a€free€trade€zone€with€Latin€America€that€wouldÏcreate€a€trading€bloc€in€most€of€the€western€hemisphere;€under€current€plans,€this€wouldÏcome€into€effect€in€2005,€although€progress€seems€to€have€stalled.Ô‡3Xà{ Xõ3ôë_Ô€€Ô#†3ôë_õ X3Xà{Ñ!#ÔMeanwhile€theÐ è)8%0 Ðleaders€of€Brazil,€Argentina,€Uruguay,€and€Paraguay€have€already€established€theÏSouthern€Cone€Common€Market€(¢Mercosur£).€€African€leaders€are€also€taking€stepsÏtowards€an€African€Economic€Community,€and€members€of€the€Association€of€SouthÐ R,¢'3 ÐEast€Asian€Nations€(¢ASEAN£)€have€also€committed€themselves€to€the€creation€of€anÏ¢ASEAN£€Free€Trade€Area€(¢AFTA£).Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àSome€think€that€these€regional€free€trade€areas€(¢FTAs£)€may€undermine€the€globalÏtrading€system,€whereas€others€view€these€organizations€as€a€complement€andÏsupplement€to€the€operation€of€the€global€trading€system.€€Observers€favoring€the€formerÏargument€tend€to€believe€that€nations€having€a€vested€interest€in€regional€preferentialÏarrangements€will€be€less€willing€to€pursue€global€free€trade.€€In€addition,€they€areÏworried€that€although€these€regional€markets€would€increase€intra-bloc€trade,€tradeÏbetween€the€members€of€an€FTA€may€lower€the€members'€joint€trade€with€outsiders.€€IfÏthis€occurs,€the€developing€nations€excluded€from€the€"powerhouse"€blocs€may€be€theÏbiggest€losers.€On€the€contrary,€proponents€of€the€latter€argument€tend€to€believe€that€byÏfollowing€both€regional€and€global€approaches,€the€world€trade€system€can€be€built€moreÏrapidly.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àA€further€challenge€for€¢WTO£€members€is€the€extent€to€which€trade€rules€should€governÏissues€which€have€been€primarily€considered€as€falling€within€the€purview€of€a€countryððsÏdomestic€policy,€such€as€environmental€standards,€foreign€investment€policy,€and€laborÏpolicy.€€Concern€over€these€issues€was€at€the€heart€of€the€protests€during€the€recentÏ¢WTO£€meetings€in€Seattle.€€International€regulation€applying€to€foreign€investment€policyÏhas€emerged€as€a€concern,€especially€now€that€firms€are€increasingly€establishingÏfactories€in€other€countries€to€be€able€to€serve€the€local€population€directly,€rather€thanÏrelying€on€the€shipment€of€finished€goods.€€(Toyota,€for€example,€now€builds€most€of€itsÏ¢Camrys£€for€the€American€market€in€the€U.S.)€€On€the€one€hand,€how€to€handle€foreignÏinvestment€falls€within€the€purview€of€national€economic€policy,€but€on€the€other,€rules€onÏforeign€investment€can€directly€affect€the€international€trade€system.€There€are€someÏcontrols€on€what€governments€can€require€of€foreign€investors,€and€¢WTO£€rules€doÏprotect€investorsðð€intellectual€property.€€However,€countries€can€still€largely€set€the€termsÏunder€which€foreigners€are€allowed€to€invest,€by€for€example,€requiring€that€firmsÏproduce€goods€for€export€as€well€as€for€the€domestic€market.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àFinally,€member€nations€face€the€difficult€issue€of€whether€labor€standards€in€individualÏcountries€should€be€a€matter€of€international€concern.€€In€December€1996,€the€firstÏministerial€conference€of€the€¢WTO£€in€Singapore€confronted€this€very€controversial€issue.€ÏThe€US€and€other€European€countries€are€concerned€about€the€use€of€child€laborers,€theÏrights€of€trade€unions,€and€unsafe€sweatshop€conditions.€€Developing€nations,€led€byÏIndia,€Pakistan,€and€Egypt,€view€the€proposals€by€developed€countries€as€interference€inÏtheir€domestic€policies€and€as€an€attempt€to€undermine€their€market€advantage„„cheapÏlabor.€€The€Singapore€agreement€represented€a€compromise€in€that€it€rejected€the€use€ofÏprotectionist€policies€to€force€changes€in€labor€standards,€but€did€note€the€role€of€theÏInternational€Labor€Organization€(ILO)€in€protecting€the€rights€of€workers.€€However,€thisÏcompromise€does€not€resolve€the€underlying€tensions.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àPerhaps€the€most€difficult€issue€in€the€labor€standards€debate€is€child€labor.€€TheÏelimination€of€child€labor€has€become€one€of€the€ILO's€priorities.€€The€ILO€providedÏtechnical€support€to€the€Amsterdam€Child€Labor€Conference€in€February€1997,€and€theÏInternational€Conference€on€Child€Labor€in€October€1997.€€According€to€recent€globalÏestimates€by€the€ILO,€the€number€of€working€children€between€the€ages€of€5€and€14€inÏdeveloping€countries€is€on€the€order€of€250€million,€of€whom€some€120€million€work€fullÏtime.€These€estimates€suggest€that€Africa,€the€poorest€region,€has€the€highest€incidenceÏof€child€workers€-€some€40€per€cent€-,€while€the€corresponding€figure€for€both€Asia€andÏLatin€America€is€about€20€per€cent.€But€Asia,€as€the€most€populous€region,€has€theÏlargest€absolute€number€of€child€workers.Ð,h'4` (#` (# Їà0  àà0` (#(#àGlobalization€and€trade€liberalization€may€exacerbate€the€problem.€€As€firms€andÏcountries€attempt€to€cut€production€costs€in€export€industries,€they€may€be€tempted€toÏemploy€children€to€acquire€or€maintain€a€competitive€advantage€in€world€markets.€SuchÏfears€have€fueled€calls€for€a€"social€clause"€in€international€trade€agreements€and€thisÏhas€become€a€contentious€issue€in€international€trade€negotiations,€along€with€theÏpossibility€of€using€negative€economic€incentives€to€discourage€child€labor€in€developingÏcountries.€€In€addition,€the€International€¢Programme£€on€the€Elimination€of€Child€LaborÏ(ILO-¢IPEC£),€which€is€financed€by€donors€from€18€developed€countries€and€was€launchedÏin€1992,€aims€to€eliminate€child€labor€by€strengthening€national€capacities€to€address€theÏproblem€and€by€contributing€to€a€worldwide€movement€to€combat€such€abuse.€€(In€JulyÏ1999,€the€ILO€adopted€the€ð ðConvention€Concerning€the€Prohibition€and€ImmediateÏAction€for€the€Elimination€of€the€Worst€Forms€of€Child€Labor,ðð€but€this€dealt€primarily€withÏslavery,€prostitution€and€illicit€activities.)Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àInternational€trade€talks€will€focus€on€the€intriguing€and€controversial€relationshipÏbetween€regional€and€global€free€trade€agreements€-€i.e.,€what€is€the€next€step€in€globalÏtalks:€promoting€additional€regional€free€trade€agreements,€maintaining€the€currentÏglobal€free€trade€framework,€or€both€regional€and€global€approaches€to€the€creation€ofÏfree€trade?€€Participating€country€teams€will€also€confront€the€issues€of€whether€tradeÏrules€should€apply€to€foreign€investment€and€labor€standards.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌò òòòÌà  àà ` àóóINTERNATIONAL€DEBT€AND€DEVELOPMENTÐ b² Ðó óà0  àà0` (#(#àIn€the€ñãñsummerñãññãñwinterñãñ€of€2000,€there€are€two€overriding€issues€in€the€area€of€international€debt:Ð *z Ðhow€to€deal€with€current€international€financial€crises€(and€prevent€new€ones)€and€whatÏto€do€about€developing€countries€that€are€crushed€by€unsupportable€debt.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àEast€and€Southeast€Asian€economic€crises€since€1997€have€had€worldwide€effects€dueÏto€the€high€level€of€international€economic€interdependence.€€These€economic€crisesÏbegan€in€Thailand,€where€the€value€of€the€òòbahtóó€fell€dramatically,€ending€the€tremendousÐ ¶ Ðgrowth€of€the€Thai€economy€(which,€like€the€other€ð ðpowerhouseðð€economies€of€theÏregion,€had€been€growing€at€7€to€9€percent€a€year).€€The€Thai€government€blamedÏcurrency€speculators€for€the€crisis,€while€other€observers€have€pointed€out€the€role€ofÏThai€policies€in€creating€a€ripe€environment€for€problems.€€Indonesia€and€South€Korea,Ïwhich€had€been€the€eleventh€largest€economy€in€the€world,€also€saw€their€economiesÏbadly€damaged.€To€avoid€default,€the€governments€of€these€countries€required€theÏassistance€of€the€International€Monetary€Fund€(to€the€tune€of€$100€billion),€which€insistedÏon€a€package€of€economic€reform€and€austerity€measures.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àSince€the€summer€of€1999,€however,€the€threat€of€this€recession€growing€has€lessened,Ïdue€in€part€to€the€strength€of€the€U.S.€economy,€along€with€growth€in€Western€EuropeÏand€Japan.€€(Despite€improving€conditions€in€Asia,€there€is€trouble€brewing€in€LatinÏAmerica,€where€Brazil€is€suffering€from€a€deep€recession€and€the€government€wasÏforced€to€devalue€the€òòrealóó€in€January€1999.€€In€addition,€the€world€has€been€concernedÐ R%¢ + Ðwith€the€latest€economic€crises€in€Russia,€where€the€ruble€has€plummeted€in€value€andÏsupport€for€continuing€economic€reforms€has€greatly€diminished.)€€€The€role€of€the€IMF€inÏresolving€this€crisis€remains€an€open€question.€€While€some€credit€the€IMF,€MalaysiaððsÏprime€minister,€Mahathir€Mohamad,€claims€that€his€countryððs€rejection€of€IMF€policiesÏand€adoption€of€currency€controls€is€what€led€to€the€stabilization€of€his€countryððs€and€theÏregions€economy.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€purpose€of€the€IMF€is€to€protect€the€soundness€of€the€global€economic€system€byÏproviding€emergency€relief€when€members€experience€severe€balance„of„paymentÐ $,t'4 Ðproblems,€and€cannot€acquire€any€other€external€financing.€€Critics€claim€that€the€IMF,Ïthough,€protects€foreign€bankers€from€the€consequences€of€imprudent€loans,€andÏprovides€a€cover€for€bad€economic€policies,€and€perhaps,€corruption.€€It€has€beenÏargued€that€the€IMF€is€not€equipped€to€see€problems€before€they€develop,€and€that€thereÏis€currently€not€enough€regulation,€either€domestically€or€globally,€of€major€financialÏinstitutions€and€markets.€€Several€countries,€notably€Malaysia,€have€revisited€the€idea€ofÏcurrency€controls,€which€allow€them€to€stem€capital€flight€and€stop€short„termÏspeculation.€€Many€proponents€claim€that€the€use€of€such€controls€in€Chile,€for€example,Ïplacing€a€one€year€waiting€period€on€the€withdrawal€of€capital,€has€allowed€it€to€maintainÏa€stable€economy,€while€critics€argue€that€such€controls€dampen€economic€growth€byÏdiscouraging€foreign€investment.€€The€Asian€economic€crisis€has€prompted€widespreadÏreview€of€IMF€policies.€€Many€observers€have€focused€on€reforming€the€internationalÏfinancial€system,€to€decrease€its€susceptibility€to€sudden€short-term€capital€flows.€€SomeÏcritics€claim€that€the€role€and€function€of€the€IMF€must€be€changed€or€expanded€to€allowÏit€to€take€a€more€positive€role€in€preventing,€not€just€reacting€to,€potential€economicÏdisasters.Ô‡3Xà{ Xõ3ôë_ÔÐ^ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àÔ#†3ôë_õ X3Xà{J#ÔAt€the€same€time,€foreign€debt€burdens,€some€dating€from€the€¢1970s£,€continue€to€be€aÐ ¶  Ðproblem€for€many€developing€countries.€€The€current€economic€crisis€is€beginning€toÏexacerbate€this€by€increasing€the€cost€of€borrowing€money,€thereby€making€debtÏservicing€more€expensive€for€debtor€countries.€€€Debt€relief€is€crucial€to€their€futureÏeconomic€prospects.€€In€the€¢1990s£,€one€of€the€primary€methods€for€dealing€with€debt€hasÏbeen€the€Brady€Plan,€which€grants€official€credit€for€debt€reduction€in€return€for€theÏimplementation€of€IMF-sanctioned€structural€reforms.€€While€the€Brady€Plan€has€beenÏgiven€a€great€deal€of€the€credit€for€stabilizing€the€Mexican€and€Argentine€economies,€itÏhas€been€held€accountable€for€much€of€the€political€and€economic€turmoil€in€Venezuela.€ÏVenezuelaððs€experience,€and€the€recent€Asian€financial€crisis,€raises€questions€aboutÏwhether€orthodox,€economic€stabilization€programs€help€or€hurt.€€(The€principal€goals€ofÏorthodox€policies€are€increased€economic€efficiency,€stabilization,€and€the€generation€ofÏhard€currency€revenues;€countries€are€encouraged€to€open€their€economies€to€foreignÏinvestment,€to€open€their€markets€to€foreign€competition,€and€to€privatize€governmentÏowned€industry.)Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àFinally,€there€are€concerns€that€some€of€the€most€highly€debt„burdened€countries,Ïespecially€in€Africa,€may€require€even€more€assistance.€€Despite€reforms,€countries€likeÏMozambique€cannot€get€ahead€of€its€interest€payments;€¢Oxfam£€International€reports€thatÏMozambique€spends€four€times€as€much€on€debt€payments€as€on€health.€€GettingÏcreditors€to€reduce€debt€to€sustainable€levels€may€be€the€only€way€that€such€countriesÏcan€improve€their€standards€of€living.€€This€is€the€goal€of€a€new€joint€debt€relief€planÏmanaged€by€the€IMF€and€World€Bank,€which€began€in€1998.€€The€Highly€Indebted€PoorÏCountries€(¢HIPC£)€Initiative€entails€coordinated€action€by€the€international€community€toÏreduce€the€external€debt€burden€to€sustainable€levels.€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àOne€of€the€most€promising€solutions€to€the€debt€crisis€may€lie€in€the€improvement€ofÏinternational€trading€relations€to€help€developing€countries€increase€their€exports.€€WithÏmore€and€varied€exports,€those€countries€could€earn€more€Western€currency€to€serviceÏtheir€debts.€€The€future€of€attempts€to€liberalize€the€international€trading€system€in€theÏinterest€of€developing€countries€is€closely€tied€to€the€¢WTO£€accords€and€current€trendsÏtoward€regional€alliances€and€protectionism.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIntertwined€with€the€issue€of€international€debt€are€international€development€issues.€ÏEfforts€to€industrialize€the€¢LDCs£€over€the€past€four€decades€have€had€little€success.€€TheÏconstruction€of€factories,€which€create€both€jobs€and€exports,€requires€capital,€which€isÐ <,Œ'4 Ðnot€readily€available€in€¢LDCs£.€€Foreign€producers€have€often€been€reluctant€to€invest€inÏdeveloping€countries€because€of€high€taxes,€strict€regulations,€patent€questions,€possibleÏpolitical€unrest,€and€the€potential€for€nationalization.€€Many€LDC€governments€haveÏopposed€foreign€business€investments€because€the€profits€usually€go€back€to€the€homeÏcountry.€€Meanwhile,€the€infrastructure€of€most€developing€countries€is€in€desperateÏneed€of€improvement.€€However,€the€resources€for€infrastructure€improvements€are€notÏavailable,€considering€the€nations'€needs€and€austerity€pressures.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€developing€nations€and€development€experts€promote€various€strategies€to€addressÏeconomic€development€in€the€developing€countries.€€Some€nations€continue€to€pursueÏimport€substitution€policies€to€encourage€domestic€production€and€industrialization.€InÏgeneral,€though,€import€substitution€involves€the€restriction€of€imports€and€foreignÏinvestment€(although€some€foreign€firms€may€be€encouraged€to€establish€subsidiaries)Ïto€allow€a€developing€country€to€establish€selected€infant€industries€without€outsideÏcompetition.€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àA€conflicting€development€strategy€is€export„led€growth,€which€encourages€foreignÏinvestment€to€produce€industrialization€that€is€geared€toward€the€production€of€goods€forÏexport€to€earn€hard€currency.€€Export„led€growth€strategies€require€economic€policiesÏthat€encourage€foreign€investment€and€trade€liberalization.€€However,€this€strategy€alsoÏrelies€on€an€international€trade€regime€that€promotes€and€protects€LDC€competition€inÏinternational€trade.€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThese€development€strategies€have€come€under€criticism€by€many€who€believe€thatÏsuch€programs€will€undermine€traditional€cultural€values€and€lead€to€environmentalÏdevastation€in€developing€countries.€€Concern€about€the€cultural€and€material€effects€ofÏWestern€models€of€development€have€led€to€another€approach,€known€as€sustainableÏdevelopment.€€Rather€than€promoting€increased€trade€and€consumer€consumption,€thisÏstrategy€focuses€on€the€grassroots€level€to€improve€the€standard€of€living€withoutÏchanging€people's€lifestyles€or€placing€additional€strains€on€resources€or€theÏenvironment.€€Sustainable€development€efforts€focus€primarily€on€health,€education,€andÏsmall„scale€agricultural€techniques€to€improve€the€quality€of€life€in€the€villages€and€toÏdecrease€the€level€of€dependency€on€technology€and€the€industrialized€world.€€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€International€Debt€and€Development€conference€will€be€a€forum€to€attempt€to€workÏout€a€mutually€acceptable€approach€to€IMF€reform,€international€debt€problems,€andÏproblems€of€underdevelopment.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÌà  àà ` àò òGLOBAL€ENVIRONMENTó óÐ >"Ž' Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€1992€UN€Conference€on€Environment€and€Development€held€in€Rio€de€Janeiro,ÏBrazil€began€a€negotiation€process€on€a€number€of€pressing€international€environmentalÏconcerns,€among€them€global€warming,€deforestation,€and€¢biodiversity£.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àBy€signing€the€Kyoto€Protocol€to€the€1992€UN€Framework€Convention€on€ClimateÏControl€in€December€1997,€38€industrialized€countries€agreed€to€adopt€binding€targetsÏfor€reducing€emissions€of€the€greenhouse€gases€believed€to€be€responsible€for€globalÏwarming.€€The€United€States€committed€to€a€7€percent€reduction€from€the€base€yearÏ1990,€while€Japan€committed€to€a€6€percent€reduction.€The€largest€percentage€reductionÏby€signatories€is€that€of€several€European€countries€which€committed€to€an€8€percentÏreduction.€€Developing€countries,€making€up€the€rest€of€the€160€parties€to€the€protocol,Ïare€under€no€obligation€to€begin€reductions.€€The€effect€of€the€Kyoto€conference€remainsÏunclear.€€Some€observers€see€the€agreement€reached€as€a€necessary€first€step€toÐ ,n'4 Ðalleviating€the€problem,€while€some€critics€claim€that€the€agreement€contains€too€manyÏloopholes€and€not€enough€specificity€on€how€it€will€be€implemented.€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àWhether€the€protocol€will€be€ratified€by€the€signatory€countries€is€one€of€the€biggestÏoutstanding€issues€coming€out€of€the€conference.€€(To€date,€very€few€states€have€ratifiedÏit;€those€that€have€are€primarily€island€nations,€which€face€the€greatest€danger€fromÏglobal€warming.)€€Although€the€results€of€Kyoto€are€consistent€with€a€1995€agreementÏthat€rich€countries€should€act€to€cut€emissions€before€discussing€what€poorer€countriesÏshould€do,€critics€in€industrialized€countries€claim€that€not€requiring€developing€countriesÏto€reduce€is€unfair,€and€prevents€real€progress€from€being€made.€€(Emission€levels€inÏdeveloping€countries€are€expected€to€overtake€those€of€the€developed€world€in€about€15Ïyears.)€€Developing€countries,€though,€claim€that€the€industrialized€countries€areÏresponsible€for€global€warming,€and€that€they€themselves€need€the€time€that€theÏindustrialized€countries€had€to€concentrate€on€economic€development.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€countries€that€agreed€to€reduction€now€have€to€figure€out€how€they€are€going€toÏachieve€their€goals.€€There€is,€of€course,€concern€that€the€costs€of€reduction€could€proveÏeconomically€detrimental.€€The€agreement€includes€provisions€for€a€system€forÏindustrialized€countries€to€trade€emissions€credits,€but€the€details€of€how€such€a€systemÏwould€operate€were€left€to€be€worked€out€in€the€future.€€(An€emissions€credits€tradingÏsystem€is€an€attempt€to€provide€free„market€incentives€to€cut€pollution€and€encourageÏtechnological€innovation.)Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àBecause€of€the€role€that€the€worldððs€forests€have€in€absorbing€large€amounts€of€carbonÏdioxide,€deforestation€is€closely€related€to€global€warming.€€A€statement€of€principles€onÏdeforestation€was€released€at€the€Rio€Summit€in€Brazil€in€1992.€€It€recognizes€theÏeconomic€applications€of€the€rain€forests€as€well€as€the€global€need€to€preserve€them.€ÏThe€statement€does€not€require€any€specific€actions€by€rain€forest€countries,€which€resistÏa€binding€treaty€out€of€concern€for€their€sovereignty€and€economic€development.(SomeÏobservers€claim€that€deforestation€demonstrates€the€growing€rift€between€economicÏð ðhavesðð€and€ð ðhave„notsðð€in€regards€to€environmental€conditions.€€Japan,€in€particular,Ïhas€been€praised€for€preserving€its€forests,€and€at€the€same€time€criticized€for€its€highÏrates€of€consumption€of€lumber,€which€has€provided€great€financial€incentives€for€poorerÏcountries€in€Southeast€Asia€to€export€forest€resources.)Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à¢Biodiversity£€is€another€area€of€international€concern.€€The€Convention€on€BiologicalÏDiversity€has€as€its€objectives€"the€conservation€of€biological€diversity,€the€sustainableÏuse€of€its€components€and€the€fair€and€equitable€sharing€of€the€benefits€arising€out€of€theÏutilization€of€genetic€resources."€€The€treaty€came€into€force€in€late€1993,€and€theÏsignatory€parties€have€met€regularly€since€to€work€out€implementation€issues.€€€However,Ïpossibly€because€of€the€fact€that€the€impact€of€¢biodiversity£€on€humankind€is€difficult€toÏassess,€far€less€progress€has€been€made€in€this€area€than€in€dealing€with€climateÏchange.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àOf€the€countries€participating€in€the€current€ICONS€negotiations,€all€but€the€U.S.€haveÏsigned€and€ratified€the€treaty.€€The€Clinton€administration€has€signed,€but€the€U.S.ÏSenate€has€not€ratified€it;€therefore,€the€U.S.€is€not€a€full€partner€in€the€negotiations.€ÏThere€has€been€some€concern€about€the€limits€that€the€treaty€could€place€on€the€U.S.Ïbiotechnology€industry.€€Among€the€issues€not€yet€fully€dealt€with€in€the€treaty€processÏhave€been€questions€about€compensating€the€developing€nations€for€biological€materialsÏwith€medical€and€commercial€applications€while€protecting€the€investments€and€interestsÏof€the€biotechnology€and€pharmaceutical€industries.€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÐ ,h'4 Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€first€ecosystem€to€be€addressed€within€the€CBD€framework€is€marine€and€coastalÏareas.€€At€a€meeting€in€Jakarta€in€March€1997,€experts€met€to€begin€the€process€ofÏdeveloping€a€plan€for€preserving€the€¢biodiversity£€of€these€areas.€€€The€economicÏimportance€of€ocean€resources€has€led€to€marine€¢biodiversity£€coming€under€attack€fromÏa€number€of€sectors:€construction,€mining,€shipping,€agriculture,€tourism,€and€fishing.€ÏThe€growth€of€commercial€fishing€provides€one€of€the€most€obvious€examples€of€theÏproblem;€the€UNððs€Food€and€Agriculture€Organization€estimates€that€70€percent€of€theÏworld's€commercially€important€fish€stocks€are€fully€or€over-exploited.€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€upcoming€Global€Environment€Conference€follows€up€on€the€Rio€and€KyotoÏconferences,€as€well€as€the€CBD€framework,€in€an€attempt€to€develop€mutuallyÏacceptable€and€effective€approaches€to€these€environmental€issues.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÌò òòòà  àà ` àóóHUMAN€RIGHTSó óÐ Lœ  Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àOne€of€the€principal€problems€in€the€protection€of€human€rights€lies€in€the€inability€ofÏgovernments€to€agree€on€exactly€what€constitutes€human€rights.€€The€UniversalÏDeclaration€of€Human€Rights€was€adopted€by€the€United€Nations€on€December€10,Ï1948.€Subsequent€UN€efforts,€including€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social,Ïand€Cultural€Rights€and€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€haveÏfurther€expanded€the€concept€of€human€rights.€€Nevertheless,€the€June€1993ÏInternational€Conference€on€Human€Rights€revealed€that€the€definition€of€human€rightsÏstill€remains€a€subject€of€international€debate.€€Western€nations,€including€the€U.S.,Ïcontinue€to€define€human€rights€largely€in€political€terms.€€Many€developing€countriesÏmaintain€that€economic€rights€to€food,€shelter€and€education€supercede€rights€of€freeÏspeech€and€representation.€€The€debate€over€the€nature€of€the€international€definition€ofÏhuman€rights€stymied€any€real€progress€in€the€1993€Human€Rights€Conference.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIn€addition€to€the€problem€of€defining€human€rights,€the€nations€of€the€world€areÏconstantly€debating€which€countries€are€violating€human€rights.€€Even€after€nationsÏagree€on€whether€another€country€is€violating€human€rights,€it€remains€difficult€toÏdetermine€how€to€encourage€change.€€The€concept€of€sovereignty€prevents€one€nationÏfrom€interfering€with€the€domestic€affairs€of€another.€€Yet€the€world€as€a€whole€hasÏdetermined€that€some€cases€of€human€rights€abuse€warrant€international€attentionÏregardless€of€sovereignty.€€Apartheid€in€South€Africa€and€the€treatment€of€¢Kosovar£ÏAlbanians€are€two€examples€of€human€rights€issues€in€which€many€nations€of€the€worldÏfelt€justified€in€becoming€involved.€€As€nations€discuss€human€rights€standards€andÏviolations,€they€must€consider€what€can€and€should€be€done€to€protect€human€rights€onÏan€international€scale.€€However,€countries€may€hold€different€views€on€the€issue€ofÏhuman€rights€because€of€their€cultures€or€particular€political€conditions.€€For€example,Ïsome€Southeast€Asian€leaders€deny€the€accusation€of€human€rights€violations€byÏasserting€their€"Asian€values"€to€be€different€from€the€value€Western€nations€place€onÏhuman€rights€and€democracy.€€Hence,€as€in€every€other€international€effort€to€monitorÏand€influence€human€rights,€the€issues€of€sovereignty€and€the€question€of€enforcementÏweigh€heavily€on€the€debate.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€September€1995€World€Conference€on€Women€in€Beijing€focused€global€attentionÏon€the€issue€of€unequal€treatment€of€women€due€to€social,€cultural,€and€economicÏforces.€€A€United€Nations€Development€Fund€study€on€the€status€of€women€throughoutÏthe€world,€which€was€released€shortly€before€the€conference,€revealed€that€women€areÏthe€primary€victims€of€poverty€and€violence,€receive€lower€pay€than€male€counterparts,Ïwork€longer€hours,€and€face€social,€cultural,€and€professional€obstacles.€€In€addition,Ïparticularly€in€many€developing€countries,€women€have€far€less€access€to€education€thanÐ ,n'4 Ðmen.€€Worldwide,€in€1995,€the€estimated€number€of€illiterate€women€aged€15€and€over€inÏdeveloping€countries€is€about€556€million,€compared€with€315€million€illiterate€men.€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€discussion€of€the€rights€of€women€is€constrained€by€cultural€and€economic€realities.€ÏIn€some€cultures,€women€are€perceived€as€inferior,€and€the€birth€of€a€female€child€is€anÏundesirable€situation.€€Other€cultures€have€other€reasons€for€believing€that€womenÏshould€be€treated€differently€from€men,€and€in€many€countries,€laws€are€written€to€reflectÏthis€difference.€€This€has€been€carried€to€its€most€extreme€in€Afghanistan,€where€theÏ¢Taliban£,€which€now€controls€all€the€major€cities€in€the€country,€has€imposed€restrictiveÏgender€policies€based€upon€a€strict€interpretation€of€Islamic€law.€€Women€are€notÏallowed€to€leave€home€unless€completely€covered€and€accompanied€by€a€male€relative,Ïare€barred€from€working,€and€have€very€limited€access€to€health€care€and€education.€ÏThe€Ministry€for€the€Enforcement€of€Virtue€and€Suppression€of€Vice€is€known€to€enforceÏthese€edicts€through€arbitrary€beatings€and€detainment.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIn€addition€to€cultural€considerations,€many€nations€face€economic€obstacles€thatÏprevent€them€from€addressing€the€rights€of€women.€€While€studies€have€revealed€thatÏeducation€and€improved€employment€for€women€reduces€population€growth€andÏpoverty,€many€countries€lack€the€resources€to€provide€these€opportunities.€€Of€particularÏconcern€is€the€lack€of€effective€contraception,€which€leads€to€frequent€pregnancies€andÏlarge€family€sizes,€both€of€which€inflict€a€burden€on€a€woman's€health€and€economicÏwell„being.€€Contraception€may€be€unavailable€due€to€expense,€lack€of€access€to€aÏhealth€clinic,€or€religious€considerations.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€International€Conference€on€Human€Rights€will€concentrate€on€developing€anÏinternational€approach€to€these€human€rights€questions.€€It€will€also€seek€to€identify€otherÏcases€of€human€rights€violations€in€conjunction€with€an€internationally€accepted€definitionÏof€human€rights,€as€well€as€discussing€strategies€for€improving€the€status€of€women.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÌò òòòà  àà ` àóóWORLD€HEALTHòòÐ l¼ Ðó óóóà0  àà0` (#(#àAccording€to€the€World€Health€Organization€(WHO),€communicable€diseases€killed€17Ð 4„ Ðmillion€people€in€1996,€with€99€percent€of€these€deaths€occurred€in€developing€countries.€Ï(Infectious€diseases€are€more€likely€to€affect€poor€or€rural€people,€while€higher€incomeÏindividuals,€who€have€a€higher€life€expectancy,€are€more€affected€by€non„communicableÏdiseases€such€as€cancer€and€heart€disease.)€€Communicable€diseases€are€currently€theÏworldððs€leading€cause€of€death.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àMany€communicable€diseases€are€preventable€or€curable,€but€can€have€devastatingÏeffects€when€left€untreated.€€Despite€the€fact€that€it€can€be€effectively€treated€with€drugs,Ïtuberculosis€killed€3€million€people€worldwide€in€1996,€while€hepatitis„B,€a€disease€forÏwhich€there€is€a€vaccine€available,€killed€1€million.€€Another€example€is€cholera,€anÏintestinal€disease€spread€by€contaminated€food€and€water,€which€has€becomeÏincreasingly€widespread€over€the€past€several€years.€With€good€treatment,€the€fatalityÏrate€for€those€afflicted€with€cholera€can€be€less€than€one€percent.€€Death€can€comeÏquickly,€however,€where€treatment€is€not€available.€Although€Latin€America€had€beenÏfree€from€the€disease€for€over€a€century,€an€epidemic€begun€in€Peru€in€1991€has€spreadÏthroughout€the€region.€WHO€has€also€reported€large€cholera€outbreaks€in€Central€Africa,Ïparticularly€in€Somalia€and€in€and€around€refugee€camps€in€the€Democratic€Republic€ofÏCongo€(formerly€Zaire),€claiming€nearly€1,000€lives€in€the€region€through€mid„1997.€As€inÏthe€case€of€cholera,€environmental€conditions€associated€with€poverty€make€diseaseÏmore€likely€to€occur,€while€poverty€itself€often€prevents€effective€treatment.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÐ ,n'4 Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àHowever,€poverty€alone€is€not€the€problem,€as€the€emergence€of€diseases€resistant€toÏcurrent€treatment€demonstrates.€€The€outbreak€of€¢Ebola£€virus€in€Zaire€and€the€plague€inÏIndia€in€1995€were€more€cause€for€international€concern.€¢Ebola£€is€unusually€swift€andÏdeadly,€killing€over€90€percent€of€its€victims€in€a€little€as€a€week.€€The€epidemic€ended€inÏAugust€1995,€having€killed€close€to€300.€€One€of€the€most€troubling€aspects€of€theseÏoutbreaks€is€the€potential€difficulty€in€containing€them.€€Mechanized€transportation,Ïincluding€global€air€travel,€has€made€it€possible€for€diseases€such€as€these€to€rapidlyÏspread€beyond€the€primary€area€of€contamination.€€This€factor€has€raised€concerns€thatÏthe€next€epidemic€will€not€be€so€quickly€contained.€€(These€concerns€are€important€notÏjust€for€swift„acting€epidemics,€but€for€diseases€that€cause€chronic€infections,€such€asÏmalaria,€a€mosquito„transmitted€disease€that€kills€over€5,000€Africans€a€day.€€SomeÏstrains€of€malaria,€which€is€transmitted€by€mosquitoes,€are€becoming€increasinglyÏresistant€to€existing€drugs.)€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà0 ` àAnother€communicable€disease,€AIDS,€continues€to€be€a€problem.€€Although€AIDS€hasÏbeen€detected€throughout€the€world,€it€is€of€particular€concern€in€Africa.€€Some€AfricanÏcountries€that€have€not€yet€been€hard€hit€by€the€epidemic€are€reluctant€to€dedicate€manyÏlimited€resources€to€education€and€prevention.€€Other€health€threats€such€as€malnutritionÏand€traditional€diseases€present€an€immediate€need€and€drain€resources€that€mightÏotherwise€be€used€to€prevent€the€spread€of€AIDS.€€In€other€nations,€the€resources€beingÏused€to€fight€AIDS€represent€a€drain€of€funds€that€might€otherwise€be€available€toÏprevent€or€cure€other€diseases.€€In€addition,€African€governments€and€AIDS€patientsÏseldom€have€the€resources€to€afford€expensive€drugs,€such€as€AZT,€that€are€often€usedÏin€the€treatment€of€AIDS€in€the€U.S.€and€Europe.€€African€countries,€as€well€as€otherÏnations€grappling€with€the€AIDS€epidemic,€are€forced€to€allocate€limited€resourcesÏamong€AIDS€treatment,€prevention,€and€research€towards€finding€a€cure.€€In€addition,Ïcountries€must€balance€their€AIDS„related€expenditures€with€spending€on€other€healthÏconcernsò ò.Ð&v` (#` (# ÐÌó óà0  àà0` (#(#àAnother€pressing€health€concern€involves€proper€international€responses€toÐ ¶ Ðhumanitarian€crises.€€The€past€several€years€have€seen€a€number€of€notableÏhumanitarian€relief€efforts,€both€in€response€to€conflict€(for€example,€in€Rwanda€andÏ¢Kosovo£)€and€to€natural€disaster€(in€Central€America€in€the€aftermath€of€Hurricane€MitchÏand€in€Turkey€and€Afghanistan€following€devastating€earthquakes).€€The€goal€of€such€aidÏis€to€provide€for€basic€human€needs€in€the€event€of€an€emergency,€as€well€as€helping€toÏalleviate€longer„term€concerns,€such€as€the€spread€of€disease€in€the€aftermath€ofÏdisasters.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€newly€reorganized€UN€Office€for€the€Coordination€of€Humanitarian€Affairs€(formerlyÏthe€Department€of€Humanitarian€Affairs)€has€the€job€of€coordinating€the€activities€of€theÏparticipating€governments,€non„governmental€organizations€(¢NGOs£),€and€UN€agenciesÏin€an€emergency€situation€to€ensure€a€coherent€response€€€Recently,€it€has€beenÏcredited€with€facilitating€the€rescue€and€relief€operations€following€the€recentÏearthquakes€in€Turkey,€a€task€especially€important€in€light€of€the€disorganization€withinÏthe€Turkish€government.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àWhile€humanitarian€aid€is€supposed€to€be€non„political,€it€can€be€difficult,€if€notÏimpossible,€to€keep€politics€separate.€€For€example,€relief€given€to€refugees€displaced€byÏconflicts€in€Bosnia€and€¢Kosovo£€was€criticized€as€supporting€the€Serb€policy€of€ethnicÏcleansing€by€facilitating€the€movement€of€Bosnian€Muslims€and€¢Kosovar£€Albanians€outÏof€the€region.€€€In€North€Korea,€where€2„3€million€people€have€died€due€to€famine€sinceÏ1995,€Japan€ended€relief€aid€after€the€August€1998€North€Korean€test€fire€of€a€medium„¼range€ballistic€missile€that€flew€over€the€Japanese€mainland.€€South€Korea€and€the€U.S.Ð $,t'4 Ðhave€threatened€to€end€their€aid€if€North€Korea€proceeds€with€plans€to€test€fire€a€long„¼range€missile.€€Politics€can€also€become€involved€in€ways€that€are€not€so€immediatelyÏobvious,€leading€some€critics€to€claim€that€there€may€be€cases€where€aid€should€not€beÏgiven.€€For€example,€in€war€situations,€aid€may€actually€prolong€the€conflict.€€OperationÏLifeline€Sudan€was€launched€in€1989€to€alleviate€the€starvation€caused€by€an€on„goingÏcivil€war.€€Ten€years€and€more€than€$2€billion€later,€the€situation€remains€unchanged;€theÏwar€continues€and€people€still€live€under€ð ðemergencyðð€conditions.€€John€¢Garang£,€theÏhead€of€the€Sudanese€Peopleððs€Liberation€Army€recently€told€a€UN€delegation,€ð ðTheÏ¢S.P.L.A.£€has€decided€to€continue€the€war.€€It€is€up€to€the€international€community€toÏprovide€humanitarian€aid.ðð€€€Deciding€the€proper€course€of€action€in€such€a€situation€is,€ofÏcourse,€an€ethical€dilemma.€€One€difficulty€in€ensuring€a€coherent€response€is€theÏnumber€and€diversity€of€¢NGOs£€and€governments€providing€aid€in€ð ðemergencyðð€situations,Ïas€underscored€by€award€of€the€1999€Nobel€Peace€Prize€to€ñàñthe€relief€group€ñàñDoctorsÏwithout€Borders€ñÚññÙñ(MeñÙññÚññÛñ(ñÛññÞññÜñÔ‡;ôE1õõ3ôkTÔñÜññÞññßññÜñÔ‡3X`JXõ3ôkTÔñÜññßññÜñ¢Mdecins£€Sans€ñÜññÝññÜñ¢ñÜññÝññÞññÜñ¢ñÜññÞññÜñ¢Frontires£ñÜññÞññÜñ£ñÜññÞññÞñÔ‡;ô¥4 õõ3ôë_ÔñÞññßñÔ‡;XãÛ X õ;ô¥4ÔñßññÝññÜñ£ñÜññÝññÜñÔ#†3Xà{ X X;XãÛ­#ÔÔ#†3ôë_õ X3Xà{G­#ÔñÜññÝñ)ñÝñ.€€A€further€complication€is€that€a€properÐ ŠÚ  Ðresponse€to€todayððs€conflicts€could€require€mediators,€human€rights€inspectors,€and€evenÏmilitary€intervention,€in€addition€to€basic€humanitarian€aid.€€The€situations€in€Bosnia,Ï¢Kosovo£,€and€East€¢Timor£€are€examples€of€this.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àEven€in€natural€disaster€situations,€aid€can€be€harmful€if€not€handled€properly.€€There€areÏcriticisms€that€the€American„led€effort€to€alleviate€the€famine€in€Somalia€in€1993€wipedÏout€indigenous€agriculture€and€created€a€detrimental€new€economic€system€that€manyÏdomestic€players€are€unwilling€to€change€because€they€gain€great€benefits€from€it.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€World€Health€Conference€will€grapple€with€these€issues€in€an€attempt€to€develop€aÏglobal€approach€to€preventing€and€treating€communicable€diseases€and€dealing€withÏhumanitarian€crises.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌòòÌà0  àà0` (#(#àò òóóINTERNATIONAL€SECURITYó óÐè8` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àSince€the€end€of€the€Cold€War,€political€instability€throughout€the€world€has€increasedÏconcerns€about€terrorism,€illegal€arms€sales,€and€the€spread€of€nuclear€weapons.€€TheÏgrowth€and€diversification€of€the€arms€market€raises€concern€in€the€world€communityÏabout€the€threat€posed€by€the€widespread€proliferation€of€arms€and€military€technology,Ïespecially€to€groups€engaged€in€terrorism.€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àUnlike€past€decades,€when€most€terrorism€was€conducted€by€groups€who€sought€toÏachieve€some€concrete€political€aim€(the€African€National€Congress,€Basque€separatistÏETA,€Irish€Republican€Army,€and€Palestinian€Liberation€Organization,€among€others),Ïmore€terrorist€acts€today€seem€to€have€less€clear€purposes,€with€the€ð ðstatementðð€as€theÏmost€important€reason€for€carrying€out€an€attack.€€How€else€to€explain€the€¢Aum£€¢Shinrikyo£Ïreligious€sectððs€1995€nerve€gas€attack€in€the€Tokyo€subway€system?€€Terrorism€has€alsoÏbecome€more€global€in€scope,€with€attacks€occurring€beyond€previously€definedÏð ðdangerousðð€areas,€for€example,€the€1993€bombing€of€the€World€Trade€Center€in€NewÏYork,€the€1994€bombing€of€a€Jewish€community€building€in€Buenos€Aires,€and€the€recentÏembassy€bombings€in€Africa.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àCounter„terrorism€databases€list€3,000€suspected€terrorist€groups.€€The€more€successfulÏof€these€have€plenty€of€money€to€support€training,€the€acquisition€of€weaponry€(alongÏwith€explosives€and€chemical€and€biological€agents),€and€the€planning€andÏimplementation€of€large„scale€attacks.€€(This€is€an€especially€worrisome€point,€given€theÏlow€cost€of€carrying€out€the€bombing€of€the€U.S.€federal€building€in€Oklahoma€City.)Ïâ â¢Osama£€bin€Laden,€the€Saudi€expatriate€whose€group€is€alleged€to€have€orchestrated€theÐ \+¬&3 ÐAugust€1998€attack€on€U.S.€embassies€in€Kenya€and€Tanzania,€has€a€personal€fortuneÏestimated€to€be€as€high€as€$300€million.Ð ` (#` (# Ðâ ââ ââ âÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€sophistication€of€weapons€available€to€terrorist€groups€is€a€great€cause€for€concern.€Ï¢Aum£€¢Shinrikyo£€had€estimated€assets€of€about€$1€billion,€and€had€taken€advantage€of€theÏfall€of€the€Soviet€Union€and€economic€problems€in€Russia€to€equip€itself€withÏsophisticated€weaponry.€€Much€of€the€weaponry€available€on€the€international€blackÏmarket,€including€tons€of€¢Semtex£,€the€Czech„manufactured€plastic€explosive,€and€tens€ofÏthousands€of€¢Kalishnikov£€rifles,€comes€from€the€arsenals€of€the€former€Warsaw€PactÏnations.€€€(Black„market€arms€sales€are€those€which€violate€the€laws€or€policies€of€one€orÏmore€of€the€states€where€the€transaction€occurs.)€€Covert€support€to€insurgent€groups€byÏgovernment€agencies,€such€as€the€U.S.€Central€Intelligence€Agencyððs€supply€ofÏweapons„„including€Stinger€surface„to„air€missiles„„to€guerrillas€in€Afghanistan,€AngolaÏand€Central€America€during€the€¢1980s£€have€also€introduced€weapons€into€the€illicitÏmarket.€€The€threats€posed€by€terrorism€and€insurgency€have€led€to€increasedÏinternational€attention€to€the€issue€of€black„market€arms€sales.€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àAs€terrorism€has€become€more€international€in€scope,€dealing€with€it€has€required€moreÏinternational€cooperation,€as€may€be€seen€in€the€investigations€of€the€bombings€of€PanÏAm€103€and€the€embassies€in€Africa,€as€well€as€attempts€to€bring€the€allegedÏperpetrators€to€justice.€€In€addition,€cooperation€is€obviously€necessary€in€preventingÏthese€attacks€in€the€first€place.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àWhile€terrorism€and€illegal€arms€sales€are€emerging€as€primary€issues€in€internationalÏsecurity,€the€spread€of€nuclear€weapons€has€been€the€subject€of€many€internationalÏagreements€and€discussions€for€over€30€years.€€The€Nuclear€Non„Proliferation€TreatyÏ(¢NPT£),€which€was€first€signed€in€1968,€limits€the€spread€of€nuclear€weapons.€€However,Ïas€the€Iraqi€and€North€Korean€attempts€to€build€nuclear€arsenals€have€demonstrated,€theÏ¢NPT£€is€far€from€a€foolproof€guarantee€of€nuclear€security.€€The€principal€supporters€ofÏthe€¢NPT£€have€always€been€the€nuclear€superpowers.€€The€major€non„signatories€of€theÏtreaty€remain€India,€Israel,€and€Pakistan.€€(Brazil€acceded€to€the€treaty€in€SeptemberÏ1998.)€€India€and€Pakistan€tested€nuclear€weapons€in€May€1998.€Israel€has€not€yetÏtested,€but€is€widely€believed€to€have€the€capability.€€In€the€face€of€attempts€toÏstrengthen€and€extend€the€¢NPT£,€non„signatories€contend€that€the€¢NPT£€simply€protectsÏsuperpower€dominance€in€nuclear€weapons.€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€development€of€delivery€systems€is€also€an€increasing€cause€for€internationalÏconcern€and€tension.€€The€Missile€Technology€Control€Regime€(¢MTCR£)€was€founded€inÏ1987€to€restrict€the€proliferation€of€missiles€and€systems€for€the€delivery€of€weapons€ofÏmass€destruction.€€However,€while€some€of€the€worldððs€biggest€suppliers€are€members,€itÏis€not€a€legally€binding€agreement€and€membership€is€still€limited.€€(Indiaððs€objections€toÏthe€¢MTCR£€are€similar€to€its€objections€to€the€¢NPT£,€i.e.,€that€it€is€discriminatory,€tooÏnarrow€in€approach,€and€impedes€economic€development.)€€€North€Korea€has€testedÏballistic€missiles€and€regularly€exports€technology.€€China€agreed€to€abide€by€¢MTCR£Ïguidelines€in€1992,€but€has€continued€to€export€missile€technology€to€Pakistan€and€Iran.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIn€addition€to€these€outstanding€issues,€serious€questions€remain€regarding€theÏenforcement€of€the€Treaty.€€The€International€Atomic€Energy€Agency€(IAEA)€has€theÏauthority€to€inspect€weapons€facilities€in€member€nations€to€ensure€compliance.€ÏHowever,€the€inspections€must€be€announced€in€advance.€€The€discovery€of€the€IraqiÏand€North€Korean€plans€to€build€nuclear€arsenals€and€the€possibility€that€other€nationsÏâ âcould€do€the€same€have€raised€concern€about€the€effectiveness€of€the€IAEA.€€TheÐ V+¦&3 Ðquestion€remains€as€to€whether€there€is€a€more€effective€approach€than€the€¢NPT£€toÏcontrolling€and€verifying€nuclear€arms€production.€€Ð ` (#` (# Ðâ âÌà0  àà0` (#(#àDespite€shortcomings,€the€¢NPT£€was€extended€indefinitely€by€its€signatories€in€May€1995.€ÏThere€were€no€formal€conditions€tied€to€indefinite€extension,€but€countries€agreed€upon€aÏlist€of€"principles€and€objectives":€a€comprehensive€test€ban€treaty€by€1996€(the€text€ofÏwhich€has€been€agreed€upon,€but€which€has€not€yet€entered€into€force),€an€end€toÏplutonium€and€highly€enriched€uranium€production,€and€reaffirmation€of€ultimate€goal€ofÏnuclear€disarmament.€€(Citizen€action€groups€all€over€the€world€have€joined€together€inÏthe€call€for€achieving€a€treaty€by€the€year€2000€to€create€a€nuclear-free€world,€but€thereÏhas€not€been€any€action€by€nuclear€weapons€states.)€€However,€nuclear€proliferation,Ïenforcement,€and€cheating€remain€problems€to€be€solved.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€upcoming€International€Arms€Control€Conference€will€address€these€issues€ofÏterrorism€and€nuclear€proliferation.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÌò òòòà  àà ` àóóINTERNATIONAL€CRIMEó óÐ ’â  Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€increasingly€interdependent€world€of€the€¢1990s£,€with€fewer€trade€and€borderÏrestrictions€and€the€advent€of€truly€global€financial€and€telecommunications€systems,€Ïhas€created€new€opportunities€for€criminals€to€extend€their€operations€beyond€nationalÏborders.€€Drug€trafficking€is€seen€as€a€legitimate€threat€to€national€security,€while€theÏability€of€international€crime€groups€to€transfer€money€between€countries€allows€them€toÏcontinue€to€elude€the€grip€of€traditional€crime€prevention€entities.€€They€function€moreÏlike€multinational€corporations,€with€global€reach€and€infrastructure.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€production€of€and€trafficking€in€drugs€is€a€global€concern€as€illicit€drug€cultivation,Ïprocessing,€sales,€and€use€are€all€intricately€related€to€criminal€activity€and€socialÏdegradation.€€Many€Latin€American€countries€and€some€areas€of€Asia€have€beenÏtransformed€into€primary€supply€sources€for€the€U.S.€and€European€drug€markets€byÏpowerful€criminal€organizations€that€make€huge€profits€from€the€trade.€€China,€India€andÏother€Asian€countries€face€a€serious€drug€problem€from€the€abuse€of€opium,€which€isÏgrown€and€processed€locally.€€The€illicit€export€of€opium€based€products€has€drawnÏmany€Asian€nations€into€the€international€efforts€to€control€drug€trafficking€and€relatedÏcriminal€activities.€€Many€African€countries,€especially€Nigeria,€are€involved€in€the€drugÏtrade€as€transshipment€points.€€Narcotics€industries€(i.e.,€drug€production€andÏdistribution)€rank€as€the€worldððs€most€successful€illegal€enterprises,€generating€annualÏprofits€of€roughly€$300€billion€to€$400€billion.€Major€production€and€trafficking€complexesÏseem€impervious€to€international€enforcement€programs,€and€are€becoming€larger,€moreÏpowerful,€and€more€entrenched€in€the€global€economy€and€in€the€economies€andÏsocieties€of€individual€states.€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à0 ` àIt€remains€unclear€which€strategy€or€combination€of€strategies€is€best€suited€to€reduceÐ Š$Ú* Ðnarcotics€production€and€exports.€€Each€strategy€has€its€limitations.€€Coca€eradication€isÏparticularly€problematic€because€of€the€harsh€environmental€and€political€side€effects,Ïwhile€crop€substitution€requires€subsidizing€farmers€to€guarantee€that€they€switch€to€theÏproduction€of€legal€crops.€€Often,€brute€law€enforcement€efforts€have€led€only€to€aÏswamping€of€the€judicial€system€and€overcrowding€of€prisons.€€In€many€areas€ofÏproduction€and€processing,€the€law€enforcement€officials€themselves€have€been€cooptedÏby€the€drug€traffickers.€€Most€producer€countries€argue€that€the€only€viable€solution€to€theÏdrug€crisis€is€reduced€demand€in€developed€countries,€claiming€that€the€market€for€theseÏâ âsubstances€has€driven€the€supply€sectors€in€their€countries€to€increase€production.€€OfÐ \+¬&3 Ðcourse,€legalization€of€illicit€drugs,€with€attendant€governmental€control,€is€anotherÏpossible€answer.Ð ` (#` (# Ðâ âÌà0  àà0` (#(#àOrganized€crime€activities€can€generate€substantial€profits,€so€groups€must€find€a€way€toÏdisguise€the€source€of€the€funds€so€that€they€appear€to€come€from€legitimate€activities.€ÏConsequently,€international€banking€regulations€must€figure€prominently€into€discussionsÏof€international€crime€because€of€the€connection€of€money€laundering€to€drug€andÏcontraband€trafficking.€€The€IMF€estimates€that€money€laundering€activities€couldÏamount€to€as€much€as€two€to€five€percent€of€the€worldððs€¢GDP£.€€Recent€allegations€ofÏRussian€organized€crime€groups€laundering€funds€through€accounts€at€the€Bank€of€NewÏYork€has€highlighted€the€problem.€€Although€the€process€is€usually€quite€complicated,Ïlaundering,€in€general,€€works€in€three€steps:€1)€deposits€of€small€amounts€of€money€inÏbank€accounts,€2)€multiple€transfers€of€funds€to€other€banks,€and€3)€re„integration€of€theÏfunds€in€the€legitimate€economy,€for€example,€through€the€purchase€of€real€estate€orÏbusinesses.€€Transfers€are€sometimes€used€to€pay€for€goods€and€services,€as€in€theÏð ðpeso€brokerðð€scheme€used€by€Colombian€drug€cartels.€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àMoney€laundering€is€seen€as€especially€destabilizing€in€developing€economies€becauseÏof€increased€corruption€due€to€the€influence€that€organized€crime€can€wield€in€theÏcountryððs€commercial€and€financial€sectors.€€For€example,€Colombiaððs€highly€developedÏdrug€trafficking€enterprises€employ€hundreds€of€specialized€personnel„„pilots,€shippers,Ïchemists,€accountants,€lawyers,€financial€managers,€assassins„„and€earn€an€estimatedÏ$7€billion€annually,€mainly€from€cocaine€sales€in€the€U.S.€and€Europe.€These€revenuesÏendow€¢narco£-traffickers€with€a€significant€capability€to€bribe€or€otherwise€influence€theÏbehavior€of€key€Colombian€officials€and€political€leaders.€It€is€estimated€that€theÏColombian€cartels€spend€more€than€$100€million€on€bribes€in€that€country.€€The€recentÏRussian€controversy€has€raised€tensions€between€the€U.S.€and€Russia,€as€there€areÏsuspicions€that€a€significant€percentage€of€the€money€laundering€activity€comes€fromÏgovernment€officials€pilfering€government€funds.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThere€have€been€international€efforts€to€get€countries€to€develop€and€enforce€anti„moneyÏlaundering€statutes,€such€as€provisions€under€the€United€Nations€Convention€AgainstÏIllicit€Traffic€in€Narcotic€Drugs€and€¢Psychotropic£€Substances€and€the€establishment€ofÏthe€Financial€Action€Task€Force€(¢FATF£)€by€the€GðMð7€Economic€Summit€in€Paris€in€1989.€€ÏThe€¢FATF£ððs€job€is€to€develop€and€promote€policies€to€combat€money€laundering;€mostÏnotable€is€its€ð ð40€Recommendations,ðð€which€establish€a€basic€framework€for€anti„moneyÏlaundering€activities.€€However,€there€are€complications€in€these€efforts:Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÝ‚8cÿÝÝ  Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÝ‚8coêÝð"ðà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  Ýthe€increased€penetration€of€worldwide€financial€systems€by€organized€crimeÐ |!Ì& Ðgroups;€Ýƒ8coêªê݌Р¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚8cÿÝÝ  Ýà  àà ` àÝ‚8cƒëÝð"ðà0 ¸ àÝ  Ýthe€use€of€new€drug€transit€routes€across€ever€more€remote€countries,€whereÐ #P( ÐantiðMðmoney€laundering€laws€are€rare;€Ýƒ8cƒë¶ë݌Р¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚8cÿÝÝ  Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÝ‚8c§ìÝð"ðà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  Ýdifferences€in€levels€of€compliance€with€international€antiðMðmoney€launderingÐ „$Ô* Ðstandards,€specifically€in€Asia€and€Latin€America€as€compared€with€the€U.S.,ÏCanada€and€Western€Europe;€and€Ýƒ8c§ìâì݌Р¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚8cÿÝÝ  Ýà0  àà0` (#(#àÝ‚8c#îÝð"ðà0¸ ` (#` (#àÝ  Ýthe€interest€in€achieving€the€fastest€possible€system€for€€international€transfers€ofÐ Ê&"- Ðpayments,€which€benefits€both€banking/business€and€criminal€money€launderingÏgroups.݃8c#î^î݌Р¸ (#¸ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  àà0` (#(#àAmong€the€challenges€for€the€international€community€are€to€develop€better€reportingÏand€surveillance€to€gain€more€information€about€the€scope€and€perpetrators€of€theÏproblem,€to€encourage€acceptance€of€and€adherence€to€international€standards,€and€toÏdevelop€enforcement€mechanisms.Ð,h'4` (#` (# Їà0  àà0` (#(#àThe€International€Crime€Conference€will€focus€on€international€efforts€to€control€drugÏtrafficking,€as€well€as€actions€that€can€be€taken€to€prevent€the€money€laundering€thatÏallows€these€groups€to€flourish.Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àÐ ` (#` (# Ðòòà0  àà0` (#(#àÐ ` (#` (# Ðóóà0  àà0` (#(#à**************************************************************ÐzÊ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àThis€scenario€is€an€introduction€to€the€issues€you€will€be€discussing€in€the€ICONSÏsimulation.€€It€also€gives€a€very€brief€overview€of€some€of€the€interests€and€policies€ofÏother€nations€in€the€program.€€The€scenario€is€not€meant€to€be€the€principal€resource€forÏthe€development€of€your€policies€or€the€conduct€of€your€negotiations.€€It€is€a€startingÏpoint.€€You€now€need€to€research€your€own€nation's€history,€foreign€policy,€and€relationsÏwith€the€other€countries€involved.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThere€may€be€developments€in€these€issues€before€the€program€begins.€€A€scenarioÏupdate€may€be€released€before€the€beginning€of€the€program.€€After€the€program€begins,Ïreal€world€develop‚ments€will€not€affect€the€ICONS€simulation.€€Your€challenge€will€be€toÏcome€up€with€a€better€agreement€than€the€experts€have€found.Ð ` (#` (# ÐñàñÔ#†ôý+õõ3ôkT1#Ôñàñ